• Arevalo, M., Jennings, V., Sinai, I. (2002) "Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Day Method." Contraception 65: 333-338.
     
  • Arevalo, M., Jennings, V., Nikula, M., Sinai, I. (2004) "Efficacy of the new TwoDay Method of family planning. Fertility and Sterility 82: 885-892.
     
  • Azen, S.P., Roy, S., Pike, M.C., Casagrande, J. (1976) "Some suggested improvements to current statistical methods of analyzing contraceptive efficacy." Journal of Chronic Diseases 29: 649-666.
     
  • Ball, M. (1976) "A prospective field trial of the ovulation method of avoiding conception." European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 6 (2): 63-66.
     
  • Bartzen, P.J. (1967) "Effectiveness of the temperature rhythm system of contraception." Fertility and Sterility 18: 694-706. [Reprinted in (1969/Spring) Child and Family 8: 108-118].
     
  • Benagiano, G., Bastianelli, C. (1989) "Clinical trials of the ovulation method." International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1 [supplement]: 91-98.
     
  • Billings, J.J. (1980) "Two methods of natural family planning" [letter]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 136 (5): 697-698.
     
  • Bonnar, J., Flynn, A., Freundl, G., Kirkman, R., Royston, R., Snowden, R. (1999) "Personal hormone monitoring for contraception." The British Journal of Family Planning 24:128-134. 
     
  • Burkhart, M. C., de Mazariegos, L., Salazar, S., Lamprecht, V. M. (2000) "Effectiveness of a standard-rule method of calendar rhythm among Mayan couples in Guatemala." International Family Planning Perspectives 26: 131-136.
     
  • Che, Y., Cleland, J.G., Mohamed, M.A. (2004) "Periodic abstinence in developing countries: an assessment of failure rates and consequences." Contraception 69: 15-21.
     
  • Cuervo, L.I. (1991) "Measuring natural family planning in terms of couple-years of protection." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2063-2065.
     
  • Daly, K., Herold, E.S. (1982) "Natural family planning: A comparison of continuers and discontinuers." Contraceptive Delivery Systems 3 (3-4): 27.
     
  • De Leizaola-Cordonnier, A. (1995) "Natural family planning effectiveness in Belgium." Advances In Contraception, 11, 165-172.
     
  • Dorairaj, K. (1991) "The modified mucus method in India." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2066-2067.
     
  • Doring, G.K. (1967) "Uber die zuverlassigkeit der temperaturmethode zur empfangnisverhutung" [Reliability of the temperature method as a means on contraception]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 92: 1055-1061. [English abstract: The Yearbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yearbook Medical Publisher, pp. 354-355].
     
  • Doud, J. (1985) "Use-effectiveness of the Creighton Model of NFP." International Review of Natural Family Planning 9: 54-72.
     
  • Dunn, H.P. (1975) "Natural family planning." New Zealand Medical Journal 82 (554): 407-408.
     
  • Farley, T.M.M. (1986) "Life-table methods for contraceptive research." Statistics in Medicine 5: 475-489.
     
  • Fehring, R.J., Lawrence, D., Philpot, C. (In Press) "Use-effectiveness of the Creighton Model Ovulation Method of natural family planning." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing.
     
  • Fehring, R. J., Schneider, M., Raviele, K., Barron, M. L. (2007) "Efficacy of cervical mucus observations plus electronic hormonal fertility monitoring as a method of natural family planning. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological, and Neonatal Nursing 36: 152-160.
     
  • Fehring, R. J., Schneider M., Barron M. L. "Efficacy of the Marquette method of natural family planning." MCN, American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 33: 348-54.
     
  • Fehring, R., Schneider, M., Barron, M.L., Raviele, K. (2009) "Cohort comparison of two fertility awareness methods of family planning. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 54: 165-70.
     
  • Fehring, R., Schneider, M., Raviele, K. (2011) "Pilot evaluation of an internet-based natural family planning education and service program." Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Neonatal Nursing 40: 281- 91.
     
  • Fehring, R., Schneider, M., Raviele, K, Rodriguez, D., Pruszynski, J. (2013) "Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility awareness based methods of family planning." Contraception 88: 24-30.
     
  • Flynn, A.M., Collins, W.P., Royston, P., Barbato, M., Mena-Gonzalez, P., & Alliende, M.E. (1997) "Volumetric self-sampling of cervicovaginal fluid to determine potential fertility: A multicentre preeffectiveness study of the Rovumeter." Human Reproduction 12 (8): 1826-1831.
     
  • Frank-Herrmann, P., Freundl, G., Baur, S., Bremme, M., Doring, G.K., Godehardt, E.A., Sottong, U. (1991) "Effectiveness and acceptability of the symptothermal method of natural family planning in Germany." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2052-2054.
     
  • Frank-Hermann, P., Gnoth, C., Baure, S., Strowitski, T., Freundl, G., (2005) "Determination of the fertile window: reproductive competence of women – European cycle databases." Gynecology Endocrinology 20: 305-312.
     
  • Frank-Herrmann, P., Heil J., Gnoth. C., et al. (2011) "The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple’s sexual behavior during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study." Human Reproduction 22: 1310-1319.
     
  • Freundl, G., Frank-Herrmann, P., Godehardt, E., Klemm, R., Bachhofer, M. (1998) "Retrospective clinical trial of contraceptive effectiveness of the electronic fertility indicator Ladycomp/Babycomp." Advances in Contraception 14 (2): 97-108.
     
  • Freundel, G., Flynn, A., Frank-Hermann, P., and Gnoth, C. (1999) "European multicenter study of natural family planning (1989-1995): efficacy and drop-out. The European Natural Family Planning Study Groups." Advances in Contraception 15 (1): 69-83.
     
  • Frank-Herrmann, P., Freundl, G., Gnoth, C., Godehardt, E., Kunert, J., Baur, S., and Sottong, U. (1997). "Natural family planning with and without barrier method use in the fertile phase: Efficacy in relation to sexual behavior: A German prospective long-term study." Advances in Contraception 13 (2/3): 179-189.
     
  • Gallagher, J. (1983) "More about natural family planning." Australian Family Physician 12 (11): 786-792.
     
  • Grady, W.R., Hayward, M.D., Yagi, J. (1986) "Contraceptive failure in the United States: Estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth." Family Planning Perspectives 18: 200-209.
     
  • Grimes, D. A., Gallo, M. F., Grigorieva, V., Nanda, K., Schulz K. F. (2010) "Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception." Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), CD004860. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2
     
  • ________. (2005) "Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials." Contraception 72: 85-90.
     
  • Guida, M., Tommaselli, G.A., Pellicano, M., Palomba, S., Nappi, C. (1997) "An overview on the effectiveness of natural family planning." Gynecological Endocrinology 11 (3): 203-219.
     
  • Higgins, J.E., Wilkens, L.R. (1985) "Statistical comparison of Pearl rates." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 151: 656-659.
     
  • Hilgers, T.W. (1980) "Two methods of natural family planning" [letter]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 136 (5): 696-697.
     
  • ________. (1984) "The statistical evaluation of natural methods of family planning." International Review of Natural Family Planning 8 (3): 226-264.
     
  • Hilgers, T.W., Daly, K.D., Prebil, A.M., Hilgers, S.K. (1992) "Cumulative pregnancy rates in patients with apparently normal fertility and fertility-focused intercourse." Journal of Reproductive Medicine 37: 864-866.
     
  • Hilgers, T. W. and Stanford, J. B. (1998) "Creighton model naproeducation technology for avoiding pregnancy-use effectiveness." The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 43: 495-502.
     
  • Howard, M. P. and Stanford, J. B. (1999) "Pregnancy probabilities during use of the Creighton model of FertilityCareTM System." Archives of Family Medicine 8 (5): 391-402.
     
  • Hume, K. (1990) "Fertility awareness in the 1990s: The Billings Method of natural family planning, scientific basis, practical application and effectiveness." Advances in Contraception 6: 238.
     
  • ________. (1991) "Fertility awareness in the 1990s-the Billings Ovulation Method of natural family planning, its scientific basis, practical application and effectiveness." Advances in Contraception 7: 301-311.
     
  • Indian Council of Medical Research Task Force on Natural Family Planning. (1996) "Field trial of Billings ovulation method of natural family planning." Contraception 53 (2): 69-74.
     
  • Jennings, V., Sinai, I. (2001) "Further analysis of the theoretical effectiveness of the TwoDay method of family planning." Contraception 64:149-153.
     
  • Johnston, J.A. (1981) "An analysis of continuity discontinuity in natural family planning: An Australian factor analysis." International Journal of Fertility 26 (3): 231-238.
     
  • Kambic, R.T. (1991) "Natural family planning use-effectiveness and continuation." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2046-2048.
     
  • Kambic, R.T., Gray, R.H. (1991) "Factors related to autonomy and discontinuation of use of natural family planning for women in Liberia and Zambia." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2060-2062.
     
  • Kambic, R., Gray, R.H., St. Mart, R., Lanctot, C., Martin, M.C. (1991) "Use effectiveness of the symptothermal method of family planning." International Family Planning Perspectives 17: 96-99.
     
  • Kambic, R., Kambic, M., Brixius, A.M., Miller, S. (1981) "A 30 month clinical experience in natural family planning." American Journal of Public Health 71 (11): 1255-1258.
     
  • Kambic, R.T. and Lamprecht, V. (1996) "Calendar rhythm efficacy: A review." Advances in Contraception 12 (2): 123-128.
     
  • Kambic, R.T., Martin, M.C. (1989) "Evaluating client autonomy in natural family planning." Advances in Contraception 4: 221-231.
     
  • Keller, A., Bailey, J., Jumenez, R.A., Figueroa, J.G., de Rodriguez, A.R. (1981) Studies in Family Planning 10: 341-345.
     
  • Kerigan, A.T. (1990) "Effectiveness of natural family planning" [letter]. Canadian Medical Association Journal 143: 13.
     
  • Klaus, H., Goebel, J.M., Muraski, B., Egizio, M.T., Weitzel, D., Taylor, R.S., Fagan, M.U., Ek, K., Hobday, K. (1978) "Use effectiveness and client satisfaction in six centers teaching the Billings Ovulation Method." Contraception 19 (6): 613-639.
     
  • Labbok, M.H. (1986) "The effectiveness of natural family planning studies with selected emphases." Advances in Contraception 2: 265.
     
  • Labbok, M.H., Klaus, H., Barker, D. (1988) "Factors related to ovulation method efficacy in three programs: Bangladesh, Kenya, and Korea." Contraception 37: 577-589.
     
  • Labbok, M.H., Klaus, H., Perez, A. (1991) "Efficacy studies in natural family planning: Issues and management implications illustrated with data from five studies." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2048-2051.
     
  • Lamprecht, V. and Trussell, J. (1997) "Natural family planning effectiveness: Evaluating published reports" Advances in Contraception 13 (2/3): 155-165.
     
  • Leite I. C., Gupta N. (2007)"Assessing regional differences in contraceptive discontinuation, failure and switching in Brazil." Reproductive Health 4: 6.
     
  • Manhart, M. D., M. Duane, A. L., Lind, I. Sinai, Golden-Tevald, J. (2013) "Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning: A review of effectiveness for avoiding pregnancy using SORT." Osteopathic Family Physician. 5: 2-8.
     
  • Mansour, D., Inki, P., Gemzell-Danielsson, K. (2010) "Efficacy of contraceptive methods: A review of the literature." The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 15: 4-16.
     
  • Marshall, J. (1968) "A field study of the basal-body temperature method of regulating births." Lancet 2: 6-10.
     
  • Marshall, J.M., Rochat, R.W., Mosley, W.H. (1972/November) "Ovulation method of family planning" [letter to the editor]. Lancet 2: 1027-1028.
     
  • Medina, J.E., Cifuentes, A., Abernathy, J.R., Spieler, J.M., Wade, M.E. (1980) "Comparative evaluation of two methods of natural family planning in Columbia." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138 (8): 1142-1147.
     
  • Meng, K.H., Cho, K.S. (1989) "Profile of the Billings ovulation method acceptors and use-effectiveness of the method in Korea." Journal of Korean Medical Science 4: 29-34.
     
  • Moreau, C., Cleland, K., Trussell, J. (2007) "Contraceptive discontinuation attributed to method dissatisfaction in the United States." Contraception 76: 267- 272.
     
  • Moreau, C., Trussell, J., Rodriquez, G., Bajos, N., Bouyer, J.(2007) "Contraceptive failure in France: results from a population-based survey." Human Reproduction 22: 2422-2427.
     
  • Mosher, W. D. and Jones, J. (2010) "Use of contraception in the United States: 1982-2008." Vital and Health Statistics Series 23, Number 29: 1-77.
     
  • Perez, A., Labbok, M., Barker, D., Gray, R. (1988) "Use-effectiveness of the ovulation method initiated during postpartum breastfeeding." Contraception 38: 499-508.
     
  • Potter, R.G., Jr. (1966) "Application of lifetable techniques to measurement of contraceptive effectiveness." Demography 3: 297-304.
     
  • Ranjit, N., Bankole, A., Darroch, J. E. Singh, S. (2001) "Contraceptive failure in the first two years of use: differences across socioeconomic subgroups." Family Planning Perspectives 33: 19-27.
     
  • Rice, F.J. (1973/Fall) "One rhythm failure [letters from readers]." Family Planning Perspectives 5: 195.
     
  • Rice, F.J., Lanctot, C.A., Garcia-Devesa, D. (1981) "Effectiveness of the Sympto-Thermal Method of natural family planning: An international study." International Journal of Fertility 26 (3): 222-230.
     
  • Ryder, N.B. (1973/Summer) "Contraceptive failure in the United States." Family Planning Perspectives 5: 133-142.
     
  • Ryder, R.E.J. (1993) "Natural family planning: Effective birth control supported by the Catholic Church." British Medical Journal 307: 723-726.
     
  • Sinai, I., Lundgren, R. I., Gribble, J. N., (2012) "Continued use of the Standard Days Method." Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 38:150-156.
     
  • Sipr, K. (1973/July) "Priciny neuspechu teplotni metody planovaneho rodicovstvi" [Causes of failure in the temperature method of planned parenthood]. Ceskoslovenshe Gynekologie 38: 428-429. [Czech with English summary].
     
  • Smole, B. A., Robinson, C. M. (2012) "Natural family planning." American Family Physician 86: 924-928.
     
  • Thapa, S., Wonga, M.V., Lanpe, P.G., Peitojo, H., Soejoenoes, A. (1990) "Efficacy of three variations of periodic abstinence for family planning in Indonesia." Studies in Family Planning 21: 327-334.
     
  • Tietze, C., Lewitt, S. (1968) "Statistical evaluation of contraceptive methods: Use-effectiveness and extended use-effectiveness." Demography 5: 931-940.
     
  • Trussell, J. (2004) "Contraceptive failure in the United States." Contraception 70: 89-96.
     
  • ________. (2011) "Contraceptive failure in the United States." Contraception 83: 89-96.
     
  • Trussell, J., Gummer-Strawn, L. (1990) "Contraceptive failure of the ovulation method of periodic abstinence." Family Planning Perspectives 22: 65-75.
     
  • ________. (1991) "Further analysis of contraceptive failure of the ovulation method." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165: 2054-2059.
     
  • Wade, M.E., McCarthy, P., Abernathy, J.R., Harris, G.S., Danzer, H.C., Urcchio, W.A. (1979) "A randomized prospective study of the use-effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning: An interim report." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134 (6): 628-631.
     
  • Wade, M.E., McCarthy, P., Barunstein, G.D., Abernathy, J.R., Suchindran, C.M., Harris, G.S., Danzer, H.C., Uricchio, W.A. (1981) "A randomized prospective study of the use of effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 141 (4): 368-376.
     
  • Weinberg, C.R. and Zhou, H. (1997) "Model-based approaches to studying fertility and contraceptive efficacy." Advances in Contraception 13 (2/3): 97-103.
     
  • Weissman, M.C., Foliaki, L., Billings, E.L., Billings, J.J. (1972/October) "A trial of the ovulation method of family planning in Tonga." Lancet 2: 813-816.
     
  • Wiebe, E. R., Trussell, J. (2009) "Contraceptive failure related to estimated cycle day of conception related to the start of the last bleeding episode." Contraception 79: 178-181.
     
  • World Health Organization-USA. (1981) "A prospective multicenter trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning 2. The effectiveness phase." Fertility and Sterility 36 (5): 591-598.
     
  • ________. (1984) "A prospective multicenter study of the ovulation method of natural family planning IV: The outcome of pregnancy." Fertility and Sterility 41 (4): 593-598.
     
  • Zhang, D.W. (1990) "The effectiveness of the ovulation method used by 688 couples in Shanghai." Shangia Municipal Family Planning Commission, China.

 

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